Fifth Freedom Flights: What Are They, And Why Do They Exist?

I often write about fifth freedom flights, though don’t typically go into much detail on why they exist, what their significance is, etc. While avgeeks and longtime readers will probably know what these are, I figured it would be useful to have a consolidated post about these very cool types of flights.

What are fifth freedom flights?

In the context of commercial aviation, a fifth freedom flight is one where an airline from one country flies between two other countries, with the right to transport passengers between them. These kinds of flights aren’t allowed in all cases, but rather have to be part of an air services agreement between countries (or part of a larger aviation treaty).

I’ll share more routes below, but just to give one example, Emirates operates a flight from Dubai to Milan to New York, so the flight between Milan and New York would be a fifth freedom flight. Why? Because an airline from the United Arab Emirates is operating a flight between Italy and the United States, and the airline can even sell tickets for travel between New York and Milan.

If an airline simply stops in an extra country to refuel, or if the airline doesn’t have the right to pick up or drop off passengers in a country, then it wouldn’t be considered a fifth freedom flight.

Why do airlines operate fifth freedom flights?

There are a few reasons airlines may choose to operate fifth freedom routes. One reason is because a destination can’t practically be reached nonstop, so a stop is necessary along the way:

• For example, Emirates flies from Mexico City to Barcelona to Dubai (with the first flight being a fifth freedom flight)
• This is done because a 777 can’t easily fly nonstop from Mexico City to Dubai without a significant weight restriction, due to Mexico City Airport being at a high altitude (which reduces takeoff performance)
• In other words, the only way for Emirates to fly to Mexico City is through a third country, so the airline might as well figure out a lucrative second market

Another reason is because a fifth freedom market is determined to be lucrative, even if there are no operational limitations:

• For example, Emirates flies nonstop from Dubai to New York, but also operates flights from Dubai to Milan to New York
• This isn’t because the airline can’t fly nonstop (it can and does), but rather because the economics of the Milan to New York flight make sense
• The market between Dubai and Milan is large, the market between Milan and New York is large, and the market between Dubai and New York is large, so this gives the airline lots of opportunities to fill seats and maximize revenue

A last main reason is because an airline wants to serve a certain destination, but there’s not enough demand to operate directly there:

• For example, SWISS flies from Zurich to Sao Paulo to Buenos Aires
• Clearly the airline didn’t see sufficient demand to fly directly from Switzerland to Argentina, but sees value in offering connecting service there as part of an existing Brazil flight
• Presumably the icing on the cake is the ability to exclusively transport passengers between Brazil and Argentina

Why should passengers care about fifth freedom flights?

There are three main reasons passengers should care about fifth freedom flights. First of all, as an avgeek it sure is fun to fly an “exotic” airline between other countries, whether we’re talking about flying Singapore Airlines from New York to Frankfurt, or Ethiopian Airlines from Buenos Aires to Sao Paulo.

Next, in many cases fifth freedom flights are more reasonably priced, or have a lot more award availability. Airlines operating fifth freedom flights often have to price more aggressively, since they may not have the pricing power of an airline based in that country, in terms of frequencies, name recognition, etc. For example, you might find that Gulf Air is significantly cheaper between Singapore and Bangkok than Singapore Airlines, Thai Airways, etc.

Lastly, in many cases fifth freedom flights can offer a significantly better passenger experience, since these flights are often operated by long haul aircraft. For example, Singapore Airlines flies between Milan and Barcelona, so you could enjoy the carrier’s excellent A350 business class on this short route.

It looks a bit better than the typical intra-Europe business class products out there, eh?

As another example, who wouldn’t want to fly Emirates first class between Newark and Athens? It’s certainly better than anything offered by a US-based airline in the market!

Why is there controversy with fifth freedom flights?

Historically, fifth freedom flights haven’t been without controversy:

• In many cases the “home” airlines in a country have been opposed to other airlines launching fifth freedom routes, since they don’t like the competition
• Fifth freedom flights from Gulf carriers have been especially controversial, given accusations of government subsidies
• Many governments have refused to grant airlines permission to operate fifth freedom flights, even in situations where an air services agreement would otherwise allow it

For example, for a long time we saw airlines in the United States rally against Emirates’ flights between Europe and the United States, and it took Emirates a couple of years to get approval from the Mexican government to launch a flight between Mexico City and Barcelona.

Are fifth freedom flights becoming obsolete?

Great question. 😉 The way I view it, fifth freedom flights are less necessary than they used to be, so now they’re primarily being operated for different reasons. Airlines are now largely operating fifth freedom flights based on where they see demand, rather than due to operational requirements (there are of course exceptions).

For example, for decades Cathay Pacific operated a fifth freedom flight between New York and Vancouver. This route was initially launched at a time when Cathay Pacific only flew between Hong Kong and New York via Vancouver, due to aircraft range.

Eventually the airline also started nonstop flights between Hong Kong and New York, but at that point the airline was so well established in the market between New York and Vancouver that it stuck around. Unfortunately the route was terminated in 2020, and had apparently been losing money for quite some time.

While the operational needs for these kinds of flights is largely limited, airlines increasingly see business cases for operating these routes, to the extent that governments will allow.

What fifth freedom flights are in the United States?

What fifth freedom flights can you take to and from the United States? Off the top of my head, here are the ones that are currently available:

• Emirates flies from New York to Milan, Newark to Athens, and Miami to Bogota (all in connection with routes to Dubai)
• Ethiopian Airlines flies from Newark and Washington to Lomé (both routes continue to Addis Ababa)
• Singapore Airlines flies from Los Angeles to Tokyo and from New York to Frankfurt (both routes continue to Singapore)
• Qantas flies from from New York to Auckland (the route continues to Sydney)

What are the other freedoms of the air?

With the focus of this post being fifth freedom flights, what are the other freedoms of the air? Maybe some people will find this to be interesting, so let’s quickly cover that:

• The first freedom of the air is flying over a foreign country without landing; for example, this includes a United flight from the United States to China flying over Japan
• The second freedom of the air is the right to refuel or carry out maintenance in a foreign country, without passengers or cargo getting on or off; for example, this includes Ethiopian Airlines having a refueling stop in Rome on many flights from Addis Ababa to the United States
• The third freedom of the air is the right to fly from one’s own country to a foreign country; for example, this includes a Delta flight from the US to France
• The fourth freedom of the air is the right to fly from a foreign country to one’s own country; for example, this includes a Delta flight from France to the US
• The sixth freedom of the air is the right to fly between two foreign countries while stopping in one’s own country; for example, this includes someone flying American from the UK to Argentina via the US
• The seventh freedom of the air is the right to fly between two foreign countries, while the journey doesn’t touch the carrier’s home country; for example, this includes a Ryanair aircraft registered in Ireland flying between Spain and Morocco
• The eighth freedom of the air is the right to fly within a foreign country, as part of a continuation of a journey from one’s own country, with pick-up rights; these kinds of flights are exceedingly rare
• The ninth freedom of the air is the right to fly within a foreign country, without continuing to one’s own country; for example, this includes a Ryanair aircraft registered in Ireland flying within Spain

Bottom line

A fifth freedom flight is when an airline based in one country operates a flight between two other countries. Personally I love fifth freedom flights, since they can often represent a great deal, offer a superior experience, and even give you a bit of flair.

I’ve taken tons of fifth freedom flights over the years, and always seek them out when possible.

Have you flown any fifth freedom routes? What are your favorites?